Do Recommendation Letters Need to Signed for Medical Schools
The Admissions Committee prefers at least one letter from a faculty member who speaks to your personal attributes and scholastic abilities. In addition, you may provide a letter from a supervisor from either a paid or volunteer research or clinical experience. If an activity is described as substantial such as clinical experience, research, volunteering, teaching assistant or other healthcare activity, we highly recommend a letter from the supervisor or principal investigator.
It is required that one of these letters be from a faculty member in the department of the applicant's major, and the other from a science faculty member (2 science letters from 2 different faculty members in the same department are acceptable). Letters from teaching assistants will not satisfy this requirement, although TAs may co-sign letters with senior faculty.
- Committee letter with supporting letters attached.
- Committee letter that is composed and uses quotes from various evaluators but may or may not have supporting letters attached.
- Collection of individual evaluation letters which may also include a cover letter from an advising office or school letter service.
- Individual letters (maximum 4) from evaluators are also acceptable.
Health Professions Advisory Committee Letter or Minimum (3) individual letters of recommendation; (2) science professor letters and (1) of choice.
Regular MD Applicants with graduate degree or currently in graduate program:
Health Professions Advisory Committee Letter or Minimum (4) individual letters of recommendation; (2) science professor letters, (1) of choice and (1) graduate school letter.
MD PhD Applicants:
Health Professions Advisory Committee Letter or Minimum (4) individual letters of recommendation; (2) science professor letters, (1) of choice and (1) research advisor.
- 3 letters are required with a maximum of 6 letters.
- 2 Letters from Category 1 or a Committee Letter (required).
- 1 Letter from Category 2 (required).
- An additional letter from category 3 can be submitted (optional).
- Category 1: A Science professor teaching the BCPM course (Required).
- Category 2: Other (e.g., Research Advisor, Non-Science Professor, Community Leaders, Employer Superior) (Required).
- Category 3: A Healthcare Provider (Optional).
If you have been out of school for more than 5 years, in lieu of the BCPM course letters, you may provide additional letters from category 2 and 3.
- At least two should be from science advisors/professors; or
- 1 Pre-Medical Committee evaluation letter will be accepted in lieu of the 3-5 individual letters.
- Some committee letters consist of a single letter, with no additional letters attached, while others include the committee letter as well as letters from other recommenders. If your committee provides the former, with no additional letters attached, then you will need to submit an additional two letters of recommendation, with at least one from a research advisor, science advisor, or science course instructor. The other letter can be from a recommender of your choice. Please check with your premedical committee if you are unsure which format they provide.
- An additional evaluation letter from a research advisor is required for the College Program and Medical Scientist Training Program and recommended for the University Program, if applicable.
If a student applies from a university that provides a composite letter from a premedical program, that letter will be accepted in fulfillment of our letter requirement.
- Committee Letter (1)
- Individual Letters (3)
- Letter Packet (Containing three individual letters)
No more than three individual letters, one committee letter, or one letter packet containing a maximum of three individual letters will be considered in evaluating your application.
1. One Letter from a Research Advisor as well as, two more from science faculty (may add 2-3 others).
2. One Letter from a Research Advisor as well as, a premedical committee evaluation (must include at least 2 recommendations from science faculty).
Our Admissions Committee requires three letters of recommendation and accepts up to seven. One must come from a science faculty member, teacher, or research mentor.
We require a minimum of three letters, and we do not impose a maximum number. At least two of the letters must be from academic faculty, and applicants should always request letters from professors or supervisors who know them well.
We suggest you provide us with two science faculty letters and one non-science faculty letter, but leave it up to you to determine who are the ideal persons to help us assess your candidacy for medical school.
Applicants should submit at least 3 letters, but not more than 6.
If your school has no premedical committee, a minimum of 3 individual letters is required. We encourage you to submit additional (up to 5) letters from supervisors, employers, and other colleagues who know you well.
If you are in graduate school, a letter from your thesis advisor is recommended as one of the 3 required letters. Please submit all letters through AMCAS using one of their acceptable forms of receipt.
The maximum number of letters we will review is 5, and we will read the first 5 letters received by AMCAS.
- two letters from individual professors (at least one in science).
- one letter from a non-academic professional (included with AMCAS application).
Applicants may submit more than three letters of recommendation through AMCAS, though we do not guarantee that all letters beyond the minimum requirement will be read.
If applicants are no longer able to secure the above letters (such as the applicant has been out of school for a few years), we will also accept letters from individuals who can provide objective evaluations and with whom the applicant has had a recent professional relationship.
If you do not provide a committee evaluation we ask that you provide a minimum of three (3) evaluations from faculty members, advisors, or others who are most familiar with you and who can and will add information about you as a student and as a person.
If a graduate committee letter is not submitted, applicants currently or previously enrolled in a graduate program must submit another letter of recommendation from their thesis or graduate advisor.
You may submit additional letters other than the required minimum stated above.
- A packet of letters or a composite letter from a Pre-Medical or Pre-Health Committee
- A packet of letters from a Career Center or a Letter Writing Service
- Three letters of recommendation from individuals, two of whom should be familiar with your knowledge in the sciences. If your letters are submitted by three individual letter writers rather than your school's Pre-Health or Pre-Medical Committee, you will be asked on the Emory Supplemental Application to explain why you are not submitting a Committee letter.
In either case, we require a minimum of three letters from faculty members who have taught the applicant. Two of these letters must be written by science faculty members while the third can be written by either a science or non-science faculty member.
Additional letters may be submitted if they provide truly unique information or insight into the applicant's qualifications to study medicine.
- two from science faculty (biology, chemistry, physics, and math)
- one from any other faculty member who has taught the applicant.
If the school has a Health Professions Advisory Committee, it is expected that the applicant will submit a letter of recommendation from that committee with the three faculty letters described above attached to the advisory committee letter.
In addition to the required letters, applicants can submit up to three supplemental letters from physicians, researchers, mentors, employers, etc.
It is preferred that applicants submit two letters from science faculty who have taught the applicant, and one letter from any other non-science faculty member who has taught the applicant.
If a school or college provides a Committee Letter of recommendation, that will fulfill the requirement; however, in addition, the Admissions Committee prefers to see individual letters of reference from faculty members who have taught applicants.
- A packet from the applicant's undergraduate or post-baccalaureate prehealth or premedical office, or a career services office
- Four individual letters of your choosing from individuals who can assess your suitability and preparedness for both medical school and a career as a physician
The admissions committee will consider additional letters that highlight and support facets of an applicant's application portfolio not previously addressed, and are submitted via the AMCAS Letter Service.
For non-traditional students, the admissions committee will consider letters of recommendation written by individuals who have firsthand knowledge of the candidate's strengths, work ethic, abilities and commitment to the field of medicine.
- A Pre-Health or Pre-Medical Committee Letter (required if available to you)
OR
- Three individuals letters, at least one of which must be from a science faculty member familiar with your academic work.
OR
two (2) individual letters is required. There is a maximum of five (5) letters that can be submitted.
You may use your discretion when selecting letter-writers, however, it is recommended that you submit a balance of academic, clinical, and service recommendation letters.
Graduate students working toward a degree in the sciences are encouraged to submit a letter from your current graduate faculty. Please see below the instructions for submitting a petition for delayed review if you are in a one-year program below in the "Procedural Information" tab.
Only applicants who have been away from degree-granting institutions for greater than three (3) years may elect to submit entirely non-academic recommendation letters.
- At least one from a health care professional (does not need to be a physician – can be a nurse, social worker, physician's assistant, occupational therapist, psychologist, etc.).
- At least one from an academic professor who is familiar with the applicant's scholarly work.
- At least one from these or another appropriate source: a physician, a second academic professor, a supervisor who can speak to the applicant's attributes, a related health care professional who held a supervisory position to the applicant, or service recommendation letter from a mentor.
A letter packet from a pre-medical committee can be accepted if it contains the required letters listed above.
At least one (1) letter should be written by a professor who is not in the sciences.
We should receive letters from all research supervisors for applicants to the MD-PhD program as well as applicants to the MD program. Applicants may exceed the six (6)-letter maximum if the additional letters are from research supervisors.
If applicants wish to supplement a premedical advisory committee evaluation packet with additional letters of recommendation, they should count the packet as one (1) letter toward the six (6)-letter maximum.
We do not require letters of recommendation from employers, but if applicants have been out of school and working they should have a letter sent from their place of employment.
Letters from research staff or volunteer venues will be accepted IN ADDITION to science recommendations referred to above.
- science
- non-science
- personal
- High school school counselor or high school principal
- High school teacher
- Unrelated individual (minister, employer, etc.)
Applicants with Graduate School Education: You may exclude undergraduate letters but must include letters from three of your graduate school professors.
Substitution Letters: Applicants unable to secure the required letters of recommendation should advise this office immediately in writing. State the problem and set forth the credentials (name and title) of the people who will submit letters for you.
If three individual letters are provided, two of these recommendations must be from science professors and one of the three must be from the applicant's major department.
Letters of recommendation from other persons of the applicant's choosing are welcomed.
OR
Letter packet: A packet or set of letters assembled and distributed by your institution, often by the institution's career center.
OR
Two (2) letters from faculty members in science departments who taught you are required if the college/university you have attended does not have a Committee/Advisor AND one (1) letter from a non-science faculty member who has taught you. In addition to the letters, applicants with advanced degrees or significant postgraduate work experience of one year or more, are required to send recommendations from each component of their education and major work experience.
In addition to those letters required for application to the MD Program, two additional letters of recommendation are required for all MD-PhD applicants. These letters are typically from faculty with whom the applicant has done research.
- Collaborative teamwork skills
- Communication skills
- Creativity and resourcefulness
- Critical thinking and problem-solving skills
- Cultural humility
- Demonstrated leadership potential
- Integrity and moral standards
- Intellectual curiosity
- Passion for medicine and healthcare
- Persistence and resilience
- Reliability and accountability
- Responsiveness to feedback
- Self-awareness
You can submit letters in one of two ways:
1. One committee letter that integrates comments from multiple recommenders, authored by a pre-health committee or pre-health advisor.
2. Three to six individual letters submitted by three professionals familiar with your academic performance and personal attributes.
If submitting a compilation packet or individual letters, we prefer, but do not require, two (2) letters from professors with whom you completed course work from the AMCAS course classification of Biology, Chemistry, or Physics.
We welcome letters from research experiences, but prefer them in addition to the requested science letters from professors with whom you completed coursework.
One (1) additional letter is required from a non-science professor, work experience, or service activity.
A premedical committee letter does not need a specific number of science/non-science letters.
If the applicant's school does not provide a committee recommendation or packet, a minimum of three and maximum of six recommendation letters from individuals who know the applicant well are required. At least one recommendation must be from a science professor who has taught the applicant. It is suggested that the other references come from a physician who was shadowed, an employer, the faith community pastor or other clergy, or a leader in the volunteering experiences.
If you have been out of school for a short period of time (less than two (2) full academic years), and are unable to obtain a committee evaluation, you should make every attempt to get evaluations from at least three (3) faculty members IN THE SCIENCES in didactic courses from schools previously attended.
If your Committee sends a packet of letters without a consensus evaluation, then that packet should contain 3-5 signed, dated letters.
If your school does not have a Committee, or should you fail to meet their requirements/deadlines, we advise you to get letters from three individual professors. Science professors are preferred.
We strongly recommend at least one letter from someone who has taught you in a science class, even if you are a non-traditional applicant.
If you have transferred during your undergraduate career, you may wish to include at least one letter from a faculty member at the previous school(s) you attended.
If you are or were a graduate student, it is in your best interest to request a letter from your graduate advisor and/or any appropriate professors.
You may wish to submit a letter from a supervisor or professional contact. This is acceptable and generally helpful, especially if the person knows you well and can speak to your qualifications for medicine.
We require at least one letter to be written by a science professor. A letter from a teaching assistant is also acceptable. Examples of letters writers include: research mentors, employers, volunteer supervisors, physicians with whom you have worked or shadowed, teachers and professors, and other professionals.. Letters from family and friends are not accepted.
A maximum of 10 letters are accepted.
These can include letters from science professors or a Pre-Health Advisory committee (if applicable) and/or personal references. It is strongly recommended that one of the personal recommendations comes from a physician who can speak toward the student's clinical exposure/experience.
- Committee letter
- Packet of letters
- Two individual letters from classroom professors, one of whom must have taught biology, chemistry, physics, or a comparable science discipline.
Graduate Letters: It is strongly recommended that applicants currently or previously enrolled in a degree-granting graduate program submit one letter of recommendation from a professor or thesis advisor. Applicants recently accepted to or matriculated in a graduate program are not required to submit a letter. You may elect to submit graduate letters of recommendation for undergraduate letters in some circumstances, or when unable to acquire undergraduate letters.
Optional Letters: You may submit up to three optional letters. These letters are not required. For optimal consideration, these should be received by MCW before the application is complete.
If you are applying to the MD/PhD (MSTP) or MD/MS program, it is strongly recommended that you include a letter of recommendation speaking to your ability to become a physician-scientist.
Letters from Principal Investigators may be submitted as optional letters, but typically cannot fulfill the undergraduate or graduate letter requirements.
If your college pre-med office prepares a committee letter or packet, this will suffice to complete the LOR requirement.
For a non-traditional student who has worked or has served in the military for a number of years, a different kind of letter packet may be submitted. Letters from previous supervisors may be submitted, but at least two (2) letters of recommendation from college professors are also required.
If no such institutional letter is available, the applicant should substitute a minimum of three (3) individual letters, including two from science professors.
As a general rule, letters of recommendation should be sought from referees who know the applicant well as a student, coworker, colleague, or employer. When possible, we recommend that at least one letter of reference be submitted from a science faculty member who has taught the applicant and that at least one letter of recommendation be submitted from a physician, healthcare professional, or health care manager with whom the applicant has had a mentor-mentee, employment, or volunteer relationship.
A committee letter, authored by a prehealth committee or prehealth advisor and intended to represent your institution's evaluation of you, counts as one letter entry. A letter entry may consist of more than one letter. If the committee letter is accompanied by at least two of the individual letters it references, one letter entry will fulfill our requirement. However, if your committee letter is not accompanied by a minimum of two of the individual letters referenced in it, you will need to submit two more individual letters to meet our minimum requirement of three letters.
A letter packet is assembled and distributed by your school. It may or may not include a cover letter from your prehealth advisor or committee, but it does not include a committee evaluation. A letter packet counts as one letter entry. If the letter packet contains at least three individual letters, it will fulfill our requirements. However, if the letter packet includes fewer than three individual letters, you will need to submit additional individual letters to meet our minimum requirement of three letters.
- Letters and/or composite letter of recommendation from a Pre-Health advisor or Committee
OR
- Three letters of recommendation from individual letter writers (two letter from science professors are preferred).
Additional letter of reference may also be provided to AMCAS.
An undergraduate committee packet is preferred and will fulfill the undergraduate letters of evaluation requirement. A committee letter does not require the names of individual letter writers but it must be signed by at least one of its members.
Individual Letter Requirements (If Applicable)
If your college does not have a premedical committee, a total of three (3) letters of evaluation are required. The names of the individual letters writers must be listed on your AMCAS application.
Two (2) letters must be from science faculty who either taught you in a class or supervised independent research for which you received credit toward your science GPA. Acceptable science courses for purposes of letters of evaluation include: biology, chemistry, physics, bio-medical engineering, or bio-engineering, etc. (Math is not considered a science course for purposes of letters of evaluation.)
The third required letter of evaluation must be an academically oriented letter. Acceptable letters include a non-science course letter of evaluation, a third science letter of evaluation, a letter from supervised independent research, a clinically related volunteer letter, an evaluation from work experience, etc.
One (1) of your three letters of evaluation must be from the department in which you majored as identified on your AMCAS application - whether science or non-science.
If you have completed or are currently pursuing a graduate degree, in addition to the undergraduate letters outlined above the following graduate premedical advisory committee OR individual graduate letters of evaluation are required: Premedical Advisory Committee Letter Requirements (If Applicable)
One (1) letter from your Premedical Advisory Committee from your graduate program will satisfy the letters of evaluations requirement.
A committee letter does not require the names of individual letter writers but must be signed by at least one of its members.
Individual Letter Requirements (If Applicable)
One (1) letter from a faculty member in your graduate department is required who has either taught you in a graduate class or supervised independent research for which you received graduate credit.
A letter from a graduate science faculty member can substitute for one (1) undergraduate science letter.
Letters of evaluation are strongly recommended from employers, research mentors, and/or volunteer clinical or community service experiences where you have spent a significant amount of time. Employment and/or volunteer clinical or community service work references do not substitute for academic references. They are considered supplemental to the required letters of evaluation.
Nontraditional applicants are encouraged to submit two letters of recommendation from colleagues with whom you've worked closely.
If your institution does not provide a committee or composite letter, we accept individual letters of evaluation. In this case, a minimum of three individual letters is required, two of which should be from science professors.
Candidates who submit a committee or composite letter of recommendation may also submit additional individual letters of support. A maximum of 10 letters are accepted for all students.
If you submit a committee letter or letter packet, that will be sufficient to meet Feinberg School of Medicine's letters requirement; no additional letters need to be submitted at the time of your application.
If you submit Individual Letters, you will need to submit a total of three separate letters to meet Feinberg's letters requirement. At least one of these letters should come from a science faculty member who has taught you. The other two letters may come from a variety of sources, preferably faculty members (science or non-science) or a research supervisor, but may also include a long-term employer.
Nontraditional applicants/students are generally defined as those who have taken two or more years off between undergraduate studies and matriculation to medical school. For these applicants, there are three options for meeting Feinberg's letters requirements:
Option 1: Two letters by science faculty members and one letter by a non-science faculty member, volunteer supervisor or employer.
Option 2: One letter by a science faculty member, one letter by supervisor from research experience and one letter by non-science faculty member, volunteer supervisor or employer.
Option 3: One letter by a supervisor from research experience, two letters by non-science faculty member, volunteer supervisor or employer.
Do not send more than the required amount of letters (one committee letter or letter packet or three individual letters) prior to receiving an invitation to interview at Feinberg. If you would like to submit additional letters of recommendation, you may do so only after you have interviewed.
At least one of your letters should be from a professor that has taught you in a math or science course, and who can adequately speak to both your academic readiness and personal suitability for the pursuit and practice of medicine.
Your remaining letters can come from professors, advisors, clinical research coordinators or preceptors, supervisors, coaches, mentors, and personal and professional colleagues.
If your premedical advising office provides a committee letter compiling feedback from multiple sources, this letter will suffice to satisfy your letters requirement.
It is a good idea to include at least one faculty member who has gotten to know you during the course of your studies.
Applicants who have been out of college for five years or more may submit two letters from employers and one from a teaching faculty member.
It is highly recommended of all applicants that they provide additional non-academic recommendations as well. Applicants should carefully select a well-chosen group of letters that speak to significant experiences in health care/physician shadowing and extracurricular accomplishments.
- At least one letter from faculty in a non-science discipline
- At least one remaining letter from college faculty, community leader, employer, or others in positions of responsibility that know the applicant well
In either case, no additional letters are required, unless you have multiple degrees. If this is true, you must submit one letter from each of the institutions that has granted you any of the following degrees: Associate, Bachelor, Master or Doctorate.
You have one or more years of graduate study or full-time employment at the time of application. If this is true, you are required to submit one additional letter of recommendation from a member of the graduate faculty or work supervisor.
OR
A minimum of three (3) letters from faculty members who know the applicant well; at least one must come from a science faculty member with whom the applicant has taken courses.
The Perelman School of Medicine has no maximum for letters of recommendation.
Option 2: One letter packet
Option 3: Three individual letters with the following guidelines:
Academic Letter: an individual who can critically evaluate your academic strengths and abilities, as well as your preparedness and suitability for a rigorous medical school curriculum. The academic letter does not need to be written by a science faculty member.
Professional Non-Academic Letter: an individual who has worked with you in a professional capacity and can insightfully address your personal strengths and attributes (e.g. resilience, dependability, social skills, cultural competence, service orientation) and the value these would bring to the diversity of the class, the patients you see, and the communities we serve. Examples might include: work supervisor, volunteer coordinator, physician shadowed.
Personal Letter: an individual who has an in-depth perspective of you and can objectively assess your personal qualities. This letter should be a deeper, more personal letter that discusses who you are as an individual and addresses your personal goals, characteristics and aspirations for a career in medicine. This individual should be someone who has had substantial contact with you during the past 24 months. Letters from friends and family will not be accepted.
Should you submit more than three individual letters, you will be asked to indicate the three letters which you would like us to evaluate as part of your application.
If your school does not have a pre-medical committee, a minimum of (2) science and (1) non-science recommendation letters from faculty who are able to assess your candidacy for medical school are required.
Submit as many additional letters beyond the requirements you feel are appropriate in support of your medical school application.
Applicants who have been out of school for an extended period of time are required to submit academic letters of recommendation. Letters from principle investigators and/or employers may be submitted as supplemental letters.
We do welcome committee letters, but do not require them.
If your school does not have a committee, request letters of evaluation from three of your college or university professors. Be sure at least one of these individuals teaches science.
Committee letter (required if your college/university has an officially designated committee or advisor). Authored by a pre-health committee or advisor and intended to represent your institution's evaluation of you. A committee letter may or may not include additional letters written in support of your application.
Letter packet: A packet or set of letters assembled and distributed by your institution, often by the institution's career center.
Faculty letters (required if the college/university you attended does not have a committee or advisor).
OR
Evaluation materials/packet from a structured pre-medical committee with at least three contributing members on the pre-medical committee.
You should submit no more than four recommendation letters.
1. Submit one pre-health professions committee letter or another composite letter of recommendation.
2. Submit four individual letters. This option requires three letters written by academic sources (i.e., professor or research advisor) and one personal or professional letter.
Letters from political sources are not recommended.
Pre-medical committee evaluations/letters are not required. However, if submitted, only the individual letters contained within the pre-medical committee packet will count toward the number of letters of recommendation.
If the committee evaluation/letter references or summarizes individual evaluators, each individual evaluation/letter of recommendation must be included with the committee packet.
If you are enrolled in a graduate program, your faculty advisor/major professor must submit a letter of recommendation. This should be in addition to the letters specified above.
If you have graduated from college and are currently employed or are a non-traditional applicant, you may submit two individual letters of recommendation if you are unable to submit a premedical advisor or a committee letter. One letter should be from a science faculty member who has taught you in one of the science courses required for admission, and the second letter may be from your supervisor at your place of employment, or a faculty member who has taught you recently.
If you have not taken any college course work recently (within the last six years) but are currently employed, you may submit two individual letters of recommendation. One should be from your supervisor at your place of employment and the second may be from a physician or health professional with whom you have worked or a faculty member who has taught you and knows you well.
Current Graduate Students: Students in a degree-granting program must submit a letter of recommendation from a graduate advisor or department chairperson. This letter is in addition to the Health Professions Advisor or Committee letter for undergraduate students (see above). For those applicants who have recently started their graduate program, we are looking for a letter of "good standing" from your graduate advisor or department chair. Non-matriculated students taking graduate courses do not need to submit this letter.
Non-Traditional Students: Applicants who graduated from an undergraduate college more than 5 years ago, and are currently employed full-time, may submit one letter of recommendation from a science faculty member with whom a medical school prerequisite was taken and one letter of recommendation from a current supervisor.
MD/PhD Applicants: Applicants must submit a letter of evaluation from their Health Professions Advisory Committee or Pre-health Advisor AND three (3) additional letters of recommendation from people familiar with their academic background, their interest in research and their suitability for the MD/PhD Program. The three letters of recommendation to fulfill this requirement must be communicated when submitting a supplemental application to the MD/PhD Program.
Individual letters, letter packets containing at least three letters and/or a committee letter with two additional letters will meet the requirement.
Additional individual letters are encouraged if your committee letter does not include additional letters of recommendation.
If an applicant is no longer in undergraduate school and cannot obtain an evaluation from their former health professions adviser or health professions advisory committee, they should proceed as follows:
If attending graduate school, one evaluation must be from the applicant's graduate adviser, a major professor or the chairperson of their major department.
If an applicant has been out of college for more than one year and is currently employed or serving in the military, one of the required evaluations must be written by their immediate supervisor or commanding officer.
If self-employed, one of the recommendation letters must be from a business associate. The evaluation must detail the applicant's performance.
If an applicant cannot obtain a letter from a health professions adviser or faculty member because they have been out of school for several years, they must submit at least two letters from employment supervisors or associates, medical personnel, and/or research mentors to complete the evaluation packet.
Three individual letters
two academic references (from individuals who have taught you coursework for a grade), one of which should be from a science instructor,
AND
one personal non-academic reference (employer, advisor, or other non-family individual)
OR
One letter from the Pre-Medical Advisory Committee at your undergraduate school
Some consideration may be given to applicants who have not done any academic work for three or more years. Interested applicants should contact our office for more information.
Personal/Professional Experience Letters: It is strongly recommended that you provide additional letters from individuals outside of the classroom setting, such as supervisors, managers or those you've worked with in the community, a volunteer service and/or a clinical or research setting.
Applicants must submit a minimum of either:
- Three individual letters (we do not specify the nature of the authors) that will arrive at the admissions office separately.
- A "package" of letters that will arrive from the applicant's undergraduate or post-baccalaureate school's premedical office or career-services office. The nature of the "package" varies greatly from school to school. Some schools write an official premedical committee letter and append individual letters; some schools write "composite" letters which refer to and quote individual letters; some schools simply collect, collate, and distribute individual letters. We accept all variations.
We do not have a maximum limit on the number of letters you may submit. However, in general, applicants submit between 3-5 letters.
1) A committee letter or a letter of recommendation packet from your pre-medical advising committee
OR
2) A total of three letters of recommendation. It is best to choose letters from people who know you the best and can speak on either your academic ability, your commitment to service, or your passion for medicine. These letters can be from anyone of your choice, but at least one must come from someone with a science/medical background.
If you are out of school or your undergraduate degree is not science based, then choose 3 professionals that know you well.
For a committee letter with three or more signatures, no additional letters are needed. Do not submit more than three letters total, if sending individual letters.
Students are required to be fully bilingual in Spanish and English. Since course work could be in either languages.
We offer three options for fulfilling the letters requirement portion of our secondary application:
Committee Letter - Preferred Option
A committee letter is authored by a pre-health committee or pre-health advisor and intended to represent your institution's evaluation of you. A committee letter may or may not include additional letters written in support of your application. If you have committee letters from two different programs/schools, list one as your committee letter and include the other as an individual letter.
Letter Packet
A packet or set of letters is assembled and distributed by your institution, often by the institution's career center. A letter packet may include a cover sheet from your pre-health committee or advisor; however, in contrast to a committee letter, a letter packet does not include an evaluative letter from your pre-health committee or advisor.
Three Individual Letters
Individual letters should include at least one letter from a faculty member (preferably a science faculty member) and two letters other faculty or individuals who can provide in-depth evaluation and recommendation.
At least one letter from a recent clinical experience is highly recommended.
Additional letters from individuals in a variety of settings are desired: employer, research lab supervisor, community service project leader, etc.
Letters from family members or personal friends are not recommended.
Overall, letters should be from individuals with whom applicants are well-acquainted. The Admissions Committee is looking for accurate, in-depth evaluations of qualities suitable for medical school. These qualities include motivation to attend medical school, maturity, character, and commitment to the practice of medicine. Letters from family and friends are not recommended.
What matters is that the letters convey cogent information about your work. Obtaining a letter from the employer who you are working with during the application year is very important. Evidence of a successful engagement in a post-college experience will be a valuable addition to other letters that also may be part of your file.
Letters of recommendation options:
Option 1
- 1 clinical letter from a person who has seen you interact with patients, family members, and other staff members (i.e. MD, volunteer coordinator, RN, Nurse practitioner or other healthcare provider)
- 2 letters from other professionals
Option 2
- 1 letter packet/committee packet
- 1 clinical letter from a person who has seen you interact with patients, family members, and other staff members (i.e. MD, volunteer coordinator, RN, Nurse practitioner or other healthcare provider)
If your institution does not have a Premedical Advisory Committee, or it has been more than two years since you last attended/graduated from your school, you may choose to have three faculty members submit individual letters of recommendation.
In addition to the required Premedical Advisory Committee composite evaluation or three academic letters of recommendation from faculty, you also have the option to ask three individuals to submit personal letters of recommendation which primarily address your qualifications outside the classroom.
Applicants may submit a maximum of five letters. These letters may be written by a premedical advisor, undergraduate faculty, mentors or any individual of your choice.
A minimum of two letters of recommendation are required from research related faculty. Please refrain from sending more than seven letters of recommendation.
At least one of your letters should ideally be from a core science faculty (i.e. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, etc.) who has taught you in a core science course, and who can adequately speak to both your academic readiness and personal suitability for the pursuit and practice of medicine.
Non-Traditional Applicants may submit a letter from a supervisor in lieu of the required faculty letter.
Non-Traditional Applicant – an applicant where at least one year has passed since obtaining the initial bachelor's degree. This applicant may have completed additional academics possibly leading to another degree, or may have been away from academics for several years.
Your remaining letters can come from professors, advisors, research coordinators or preceptors, supervisors, coaches, mentors and personal and professional colleagues. Keep in mind, if you indicate in your application you have spent a significant amount of time with an individual, such as a physician or research mentor, it is advisable to have this individual submit a letter on your behalf. A physician letter is encouraged, but not required.
A Pre-Health Advising Committee letter/packet may fulfill our letter requirements. Please note that our preference is for the committee letter to be appended with the individual letters submitted to the Pre-Health Office/Committee to support that letter. Please check with your Pre-Health Advising Office on the format of their committee letter if you are not sure. If individual letters are not included with the committee letter, the applicant may wish to solicit individual letters in addition to the committee letter.
- At least one committee letter, composite letter, or premedical advisor's letter.
OR
- A minimum of three individual letters.
There is no maximum letter limit, but we strongly encourage quality over quantity. If you are submitting individual letters of recommendation, two letters of recommendation should come from science faculty.
Maximum number of letters: five.
The REGULAR MD PROGRAM requires one (1) packet from your pre-professional committee or three (3) letters from individuals who can properly evaluate your strengths as an applicant and future clinician. In addition to our letter requirement, we will accept up to a total of 5 letters. If you choose to submit three (3) letters, we suggest you request two (2) letters from individuals who can evaluate your performance in science coursework or medical settings.
The MD/PhD PROGRAM requires three (3) letters from individuals who served in an instructional or advisory capacity.
Evidence of a successful engagement in a post-college experience is considered a valuable addition to other letters that also may be part of your file.
Some colleges offer a pre-medical advising system and the committee writes letters for their students. A committee letter is sufficient to meet the medical school letter of recommendation requirements.
A specific distribution of recommenders is not required; however, the letters are a very important part of the application. Applicants are advised to select recommenders who can collectively best address in detail the range of competencies in all 4 categories outlined by the AAMC.
A Pre-Health Advising Committee letter/packet will fulfill our letter requirements. Please note that our preference is for the committee letter to be appended with the individual letters submitted to the Pre-Health Office/Committee to support that letter.
The most useful letters are from faculty members.
Outside of the classroom, useful letters are from those who have gotten to know you well and who have observed you in a health/clinical or research or community service/volunteer setting. Such letters may come from research/lab supervisors, physician who you may have shadowed, mentored, or worked with either as a volunteer or employee.
OR
A premedical committee report or other composite letter of recommendation from the applicant's primary college or university. Regardless of length, applicants with a committee report or composite letter may optionally submit a single, additional letter of recommendation.
OR
Three letters from instructors (any field of study) from whom the candidate has taken courses. One of the letters can be from a research mentor. These letters should critically evaluate the candidate's academic ability, strengths and weaknesses, motivation for medicine, maturity, difficulty of course work, and special attributes/assets. Personal letters of recommendation are not acceptable. If you are currently enrolled in a graduate program or professional school, one letter must be from a faculty member at the graduate or professional school.
We encourage applicants to provide letters from a variety of individuals qualified to assess personal (as well as academic) qualities, such as work ethic, reliability, communication skills, leadership, altruism, compassion, and motivation for medicine. Letters of recommendation from family members are discouraged.
If you are currently enrolled in an academic program and your school issues a committee letter, that letter is required.
If you are several years removed from college, you are strongly encouraged to provide letters from individuals with whom you have had meaningful recent experiences.
Options for letter submissions (choose one):
Option 1: Individual Letters - Your letter writers may submit individual letters to AMCAS Letter Service. This selection requires 3 letters (2 academic and 1 non-academic), but no more than 4 total letters.
Option 2: Committee Letter - Your school may submit a committee letter or comprehensive report. If this includes fewer than 3 individual letters, you may also submit individual letter(s) not to exceed 4 total letters.
Option 3: Packet of Letters - Your school may submit a packet of at least 3 individual letters. If this includes fewer than 3 individual letters, you may also submit individual letter(s) not to exceed 4 total letters.
Applicants whose premedical advisor or advising committee writes one summary letter must have submitted between two and four additional letters of recommendation. We request letters from a variety of sources – faculty, employers, supervisors, or other persons who know you well and can be regarded as objective evaluators.
Committee letter: If the applicant is an undergraduate student at a school that has a premedical committee, the applicant must use their recommendation process and forms.
Letter packet: A premedical advisor may furnish a composite evaluation compiled from contributing faculty at the applicant's school.
Individual letter: If there is no committee or advisor, the applicant is required to provide three letters of recommendation, at least one of the three recommendations from a faculty member in the major area of concentration and at least one from a science area.
Applicants who have previously applied and supplied letters of evaluation must submit two new individual letters of evaluation with their revised and updated AMCAS application.
Submit no more than 5 letters. If your school attaches a committee letter, it counts as three letters.
Candidates may submit two additional letters, ideally, from sources that speak to the candidate's suitability for medicine.
Non-traditional applicants or those that have been out of school for 2 or more years may substitute no more than 2 academic letters with employer letters from a direct supervisor, a letter from a research PI/supervisor or letters from a substantive volunteer environment.
A letter of recommendation from the Premedical Advisory Committee or the official Premedical Advisor is required if your undergraduate school has such a Committee or Advisor. If you are unable to have this letter sent you should:
- Write a letter to the Committee on Admissions explaining why you are unable to have this letter sent and;
- Ask the Premedical Committee or advisor to write to the Committee on Admissions indicating that they will not be able to send an official letter.
All letters of recommendation must be written on official stationery and sent directly to AMCAS. If you have a recommender who does not write his/her letter on stationery we will still accept it as long as the letter comes from AMCAS.
If your school does not have a Premedical Advisory Committee, your letters of recommendation must come from three of your undergraduate and/or graduate school faculty. At least two letters must come from science faculty and one from non-science faculty.
If you are not currently enrolled as an undergraduate student and are unable to submit a composite letter of recommendation, please arrange to have at least one letter sent from each component of your education (undergraduate and graduate) and major work experience to date.
A composite premed committee letter is expected when a committee letter is available to you from your undergraduate institution. Applicants who do not submit a committee letter should explain in our secondary application why a committee letter was not provided. Additional letters (see below) can be submitted.
If a pre-med committee letter is not available at your institution, please submit letters from:
Two biology, chemistry, biochemistry or physics professors. These individuals should know you well enough to comment on your personal attributes.
Additional letters may be written by mentors, advisors and supervisors from academic, research, employment, volunteer and service opportunities.
If you are enrolled in or have completed a post baccalaureate or graduate program in biomedical sciences, a letter from the program director is expected in lieu of the undergraduate letter requirements.
If you are applying to our MD/PhD program, please provide letters from a minimum of two most recent research supervisors for a maximum of five letters. Applicants may exceed the six letter maximum if the additional letters are from research supervisors.
In addition to the letters described above, applicants may submit a maximum of two more letters to support their application.
These letters may not be substituted for the required letters. Letters that can add substantially to the overall picture of you as a candidate for medical school are most desirable. Letters from relatives and friends of the family, roommates or teaching assistants, or elected officials are strongly discouraged unless they can provide truly unique information about you that is not available from other sources.
There are no specific requirements regarding how you select these individuals. However, if you choose to include someone from your academic experiences, we strongly recommend an experienced faculty member (Associate Professor or Professor) rather than a graduate student instructor (GSI).
For students applying to Duluth, an ideal mix of letters might be one from a science faculty person, one from a work/volunteer experiences supervisor, and one from a rural family medicine physician. Please note that we do not specifically require letters from any type of person and not every accepted student has this mix of letters.
The Twin Cities and Duluth admissions committees require either:
- Three individual recommendations
- Evaluation materials/packet from a structured university or college Pre-Medical Committee
Occasionally, an applicant will want to submit a fourth or even a fifth letter of recommendation. While this is acceptable, submitting more letters will not necessarily make you more competitive in the selection process. Be selective and add a letter only if the writer offers new insights into your candidacy.
A minimum of three faculty evaluation letters is required: however, one composite evaluation from a pre-professional advisory committee will suffice.
Traditional Applicants:
One letter from a professor who taught and issued the applicant a grade is required. It is strongly recommended that the letter from a professor who issued a grade be from science faculty. Letters from teaching assistants will not satisfy this requirement. Applicants may submit a pre-med committee or composite letter in lieu of the three individual letters.
Non-Traditional Applicants:
If the applicant has completed an undergraduate degree before September 2019, please have three letters of evaluation sent from individuals who are familiar with the applicant's recent scientific work, study experience or professional experience.
Limit recommendation letters that you designate through AMCAS for release to UNMC to a total of four.
One clinical evaluation, written by a physician (MD or DO), a Nurse Practitioner (NP) or a Physician Assistant (PA) who can evaluate, based upon direct observation, an applicant's interactions within a clinical environment, pre-professional competencies, and passion for medicine.
One academic evaluation written by an instructor or faculty member with direct knowledge of your commitment to academic excellence and who can provide information about your thinking and reasoning skills as well as pre-professional competencies that directly impact academic performance.
Your third required letter should be from someone who can offer a professional evaluation of how your pre-professional competencies, personal attributes, and life experiences have prepared you for success in medical school and as a physician. We suggest a supervisor, research advisor, volunteer coordinator, clinical provider, or a faculty member.
It is suggested that applicants obtain letters from the following:
- Two letters from professors/faculty instructors.
- One letter from a clinician, such as a nurse or physician with whom you performed your clinical experience.
- One letter from a person with whom you worked on a project (research mentor, program director, commanding officer or work supervisor).
Applicants who have been away from degree-granting academic programs for more than three years may elect to submit letters from individuals other than professors.
For applicants who are currently undergrads or have graduated fewer than two years ago:
- We require at least two letters of recommendation from professors who know you well and have taught you in a formal classroom setting. We suggest one of the two letters should be from a professor in your most recent major or degree-granting department, and the other may be from any professor of your choice.
- OR-
- If the undergraduate institution has a Pre-Health Committee, it would be preferable to have letters from this committee. Please keep in mind that the individual letters should be included in the packet sent by the Pre-Health Committee. If your Pre-Health Committee does not include the individual letters, it will be your responsibility as the applicant to garner additional individual letters.
For applicants who graduated undergrad more than two years ago:
- Two letters of recommendation are required from mentors who know you well and have interacted with you in an academic setting. This could be a professor with whom you have maintained regular contact, a research PI, or another advisor. These mentors should have recent knowledge of how you work in an academic setting.
For applicants who have completed, or are currently completing, an advanced degree program or significant post-grad work experience:
- For applicants who have advanced degrees or significant post-grad work (one year or more), two letters of recommendation are required from mentors who have interacted with you in an academic setting and know you well. You should have at least one letter from your post-grad education and/or major work experience.
Choose one of the following options to satisfy the letters of recommendation requirement:
Option 1: Submit three Individual Letters of recommendation. If you submit more than three letters, only the first three will be forwarded to the Medical School Admissions Committee. OR
Option 2: A Committee Letter (which we count as equivalent to two letters of evaluation) and one Individual Letter of recommendation, which is not part of your Committee Letter.
A Committee Letter, regardless of how many additional letters it contains, counts as two letters of recommendation. In order to meet the requirement of three letters of recommendation, you must submit one more individual letter. For many applicants, this final letter is from a supervisor.
Option 3: A Letter Packet, which will account for all three letters of recommendation required.
The Medical School Admissions Committee will only read the first three letters of a letter packet.
Applicants currently enrolled in a graduate degree program are required to submit a letter from the program director or chair of the department which states the applicant is in good standing and that they are supportive of the application.
- 1 premed committee and 1 faculty letter.
OR
- 3 faculty letters.
If you are enrolled in a graduate degree program, you must submit a letter from the program director or chair of the department stating you are in good standing and that they support your application to the program.
The committee letter should be buttressed with individual letters of recommendation.
We prefer three letters of recommendation from professors or important mentors (such as research mentors). The best are letters from those who know the applicant well and can comment on the above competencies. Supplemental recommendations from the supervisors or peers of extracurricular activities or work positions are encouraged as well.
A composite evaluation or letter packet prepared by the premedical committee of your undergraduate college is preferred.
If your college has no such committee or system for providing a composite evaluation then you must submit five (5) letters of recommendation:
- Three (3) letters of recommendation from faculty who have taught you - one letter must be from science faculty
- Two (2) letters of recommendation from people who have known and observed you on a personal basis
Graduate students enrolled in a degree-granting program must submit a letter of evaluation written by your major advisor or department chair containing the anticipated date of fulfilling your degree requirements. All coursework must be completed prior to entering medical school.
Consideration will be given to non-traditional applicants in the makeup of their letters who have not done any academic work for 5 or more years. Interested applicants should contact our office for more information
If you are currently employed, we strongly encourage but do not require a letter of recommendation from your employer.
If your undergraduate institution prepares a Premedical Advisory Committee letter, we will accept that to fulfill the minimum letter requirements.
We do not have requirements for the types of letters you must submit. Letters should be written by individuals who know you well: a faculty professor at your undergraduate institution; a physician with whom you have worked closely; a research mentor; or an employer. It is important to make sure that the individuals or premedical advisory committee members submitting letters on your behalf know you well and are able to comment on your work ethic, interpersonal and communication skills, attention to detail, passion for medicine and compassion for your future patients.
While five (5) letters of recommendation are recommended, it is required that a minimum of two (2) letters come from science faculty who have taught you in a formal course: (a Teaching Assistant is not considered faculty.)
Letters can originate from basic science faculty. Science faculty includes but is not limited to: Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.
Additional letters of recommendation can be non-science faculty letters or character letters from individuals who can speak of your abilities and attributes outside of an academic setting. Character letters should not be from a family member, peer or a relative. Character letters should corroborate your experiences in AMCAS. They should include but are not limited to: Physicians you've shadowed, Research Mentors, Volunteer Coordinators/Supervisors, etc.
Non-science faculty includes but is not limited to: Math, Psychology, English, Humanities, Anthropology, History, etc.
If your school has a Letter Packet that includes the letters, submit the pre-professional Letter Packet from your undergraduate institution directly to AMCAS. No further Letters of Recommendation are needed.
If your school has a Committee Evaluation Letter, submit the pre-professional Committee Evaluation Letter from your undergraduate institution directly to AMCAS. No further Letters of Recommendation are needed.
Do not send more than 3 letters! Applicants are required to send their letters through AMCAS. DO NOT send any letters of recommendation to the Office of Admissions, as they will not be accepted.
Additional recommendations may be submitted, although, they should number no more than three (3).
One Health Professions Committee Packet.
OR
Three individual letters of evaluation.
Letters of reference from professors are preferred, however, letters from employment supervisors, physicians, other medical personnel or research mentors are acceptable as well.
Premedical Advisory Committee, a letter packet, or individual letters from the college or university from which you will graduate or have recently graduated. Often letters are from three (3) faculty members with whom you have studied. Meaningful letters are typically from individuals who can address features of your personality, history, and motivation in addition to your academic accomplishments.
If you are not a recent college graduate, three (3) letters of recommendation are required and can be obtained from faculty from your former college/university or from someone who is familiar with your activities since leaving college such as a job supervisor or volunteer director.
Premedical committee letters will not be accepted.
Individual letters included in a premedical letter packet can be submitted towards your four (4) letters of recommendation.
It is recommended that applicants provide:
- At least one (1) ACADEMIC letter where the letter writer can speak to the your academic ability and/or intellectual curiosity
- At least one (1) MENTORING letter where the letter writer can speak to your commitment to service, leadership ability, growth as an individual, and/or interpersonal/teamwork skills.
If your school does not have an advisor or committee, you must provide three letters as follows:
- Two letters from professors in the sciences with whom you have taken classes, and
- One additional letter from a non-science professor with whom you have taken a class.
You can provide up to six (6) letters in total.
While there is no limit to the number of letters you may submit, it is better to have a few meaningful letters from individuals who know you well than to have a larger number of superficial letters of recommendation.
- Academic ability
- Commitment to service
- Leadership potential
- Clinical or research experiences
- Interpersonal skills
- Interaction with patients
- Ability to function on a team, and/or potential as a physician
- Respect for others
- Compassion
- Maturity
- Communication skills
- Work ethic
The collection of letters should provide a balanced and well-rounded view of your candidacy for medicine. Letters of recommendation from people who know you well can give the committee a better understanding of who you are. Consider current employers, people at your volunteer or shadowing opportunities, teaching assistants, etc.
-OR-
One letter packet – This packet should include letters from three faculty members and a letter from a nonacademic source. A letter packet is a packet or set of letters assembled and distributed by an institution, often by the institution's career center.
-OR-
Four individual letters – Three academic letters of recommendation from faculty members and a fourth nonacademic letter from a mentor. An individual letter refers to a letter authored by, or representing, a single letter writer. If there is already a nonacademic letter included in either a committee letter or a letter packet, there is no need to add a separate AMCAS letter request entry for the nonacademic letter.
Academic letters may be from faculty members in any discipline.
Nonacademic letters may be written by anyone an applicant considers to be a mentor who can attest to his/her personal qualities and characteristics. In the past, admitted applicants have had letters written by employers, volunteer coordinators, individuals they shadowed, and community leaders, to give a few examples. Nonacademic letters should not be written by a family member or peer.
Letters written by faculty supervisors in research labs can be considered either academic or nonacademic.
- One Health Professions Committee Packet.
OR
- Three individual letters of evaluation.
- One Health Professions Committee Packet.
OR
- Three individual letters of evaluation.
Vanderbilt University supports the movement for letters to cover the AAMC Guidelines and encourages applicants to solicit letters from evaluators who can address competencies. If you have advanced degrees or at least one year of postgraduate full-time employment, it is advisable to ask your supervisor at work or a member of the graduate faculty to send a letter of recommendation.
A letter packet is assembled and distributed by your school. It may or may not include a cover letter from your pre-health advisor or committee, but it does not include a committee evaluation. If the letter packet contains at least three individual letters, it will fulfill our requirements. However, if the letter packet includes fewer than three individual letters, you will need to submit additional individual letters to meet our minimum requirement of three letters.
If you have taken time off between college and medical school, you should also send a letter of evaluation from a person who can comment about experiences during that period.
If there are special circumstances or potential concerns raised within your application (ex: lower grades one semester, compelling reason for withdrawal from a class, minor institutional action), consider securing a letter that could validate or clarify the situation.
If recently in school, try to include at least one faculty member who has gotten to know you during the course of your studies. If you have been out of school for some years, consider an employment supervisor.
At least one should be from an individual who has taught you in the sciences.
These recommenders should be asked to provide an in-depth evaluation of your accomplishments, skills, talents and character rather than mere recapitulations of your academic achievement or course grades. Letters may also come from research mentors. If you have had a particularly significant extracurricular or postgraduate experience, you may also invite mentors or supervisors from this experience to submit a letter of evaluation.
You are permitted to submit a letter prepared by a premedical advisor or committee, either in addition to individual letters, or as a substitute for them if this is the typical practice at your school.
If you are in a postbaccalaureate or graduate program, we strongly encourage you to submit at least one letter from your program. If you are applying to the M.D./Ph.D. program, at least one letter must be from a researcher.
If your college does not have such a committee, we require two letters of evaluation from those who know you well and can discuss your capabilities, accomplishments and character. A teacher, whether at the undergraduate or graduate level, should be one who has worked with you personally.
If you have had substantial research, work, clinical or service experience, you should submit a letter from your supervisor in that experience.
OR
- a minimum of 3 letters of recommendation of your choice
Letters must come from individuals with firsthand knowledge of the applicant's qualifications, skills, attributes and values by direct observation and who can comment on academic achievement as well as personal qualities including work ethic and motivation for a medical career.
Two of the letters are recommended to be from faculty members who have been the applicant's undergraduate or graduate instructors or mentors, or employment supervisors in the case of non-traditional applicants.
If students apply from a university that provides a composite letter from a premedical advisory program, the composite letter will be accepted in lieu of the two letters recommended from faculty.
For non-traditional applicants or anyone who cannot meet the letters of recommendation standards listed above, choose someone who you feel can best attest to your ability to meet the required competencies for medical school. The minimum number of letters is three; the maximum number of letters is five.
If your school does not have a Premedical Committee, you may submit at least three individual letters of recommendation. These letters should come from individuals who are in a position to comment knowledgeably on your accomplishments, abilities, experience, and/or personal qualifications. They may come from those who have taught you or worked with you in undergraduate or graduate school classes, in research settings, clinical settings, extracurricular or community service activities, professional settings, or other contexts.
It is helpful to have at least one of the letters from someone in the sciences, but this is not mandatory. What is important is that the letters provide information and support that will be informative and helpful to the Admissions Committee, supplementing the information that appears elsewhere in your application.
Do Recommendation Letters Need to Signed for Medical Schools
Source: https://www.prospectivedoctor.com/letters-of-recommendation-for-md-schools/
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